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Akwa Ibom State

Coordinates: 05°00′N 07°50′E / 5.000°N 7.833°E / 5.000; 7.833
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Akwa Ibom State
State
Flag of Akwa Ibom
Flag
Seal of Akwa Ibom
Seal
Nicknames: 
Land of Promise, Akwa Abasi Ibom state
Location of Akwa Ibom in Nigeria
Location of Akwa Ibom in Nigeria
Coordinates: 05°00′N 07°50′E / 5.000°N 7.833°E / 5.000; 7.833
Country Nigeria
Date created23 September 1987
CapitalUyo
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Akwa Ibom State
 • GovernorPastor Umo Eno (PDP)
 • Deputy GovernorAkon Eyakenyi
 • LegislatureAkwa Ibom State House of Assembly
 • SenatorsNE: Aniekan Bassey (PDP)
NW: Godswill Akpabio (APC)
S: Ekong Sampson (PDP)
 • RepresentativesList
Area
 • Total
7,081 km2 (2,734 sq mi)
 • Rank30 of 36
Population
 (2016)[1]
 • Total
5,450,758
 • Rank15 of 36
 • Density770/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
DemonymAkwa Ibomite
GDP (PPP)
 • Year2021
 • Total$50.30 billion[2]
3rd of 36
 • Per capita$7,739[2]
4th of 36
Time zoneUTC+01 (WAT)
Dialing Code+234
ISO 3166 codeNG-AK
HDI (2022)0.602[3]
medium · 16th of 37
Websiteakwaibomstate.gov.ng

Akwa Ibom State is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It borders Cross River State to the east, Rivers State and Abia State to the west and north-west, and to the south by the Atlantic Ocean. The state takes its name from the Qua Iboe River which bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny.[4] Akwa Ibom was split from Cross River State in 1987 with her capital Uyo and with 31 local government areas.

Of the 36 states, Akwa Ibom is the 30th largest in area and fifteenth most populous, with an estimated population of nearly 5.5 million as of 2016.[5] Geographically, the state is divided between the Central African mangroves in the coastal far south and the Cross–Niger transition forests in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Imo and Cross rivers which flow along Akwa Ibom's eastern and western borders respectively while the Kwa Ibo River bisects the state before flowing into the Bight of Bonny. In the southeast corner of the state is the Stubb Creek Forest Reserve, a heavily threatened wildlife reserve that contains declining crocodile, putty-nosed monkey, red-capped mangabey, and Sclater's guenon populations along with potentially extirpated populations of African leopard and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee.[6][7][8][9] Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are large fish populations alongside various cetacean species, including bottlenose dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins, humpback whales, and killer whales.[citation needed][10]

Modern-day Akwa Ibom State has been inhabited by various ethnic groups for hundreds of years, primarily the closely related Ibibio, Annang, and Oron peoples in the North-East, North-West, and Southern zones of the state, respectively.[11]

Economically, Akwa Ibom State is based around the production of crude oil and natural gas as highest oil-producing state in the country.[12] Key minor industries involve agriculture as the state has substantial cocoyam, yam, and plantain crops along with fishing and heliciculture. Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom has the seventeenth highest Human Development Index in the country in large part due to years of systemic corruption.[13][14][15]

Economy

[edit]

Akwa Ibom State's economy is based on the production of crude oil and natural gas. It produces the most oil of any state in the country.[12] It includes the following oil-producing Local Government Areas: Iben, Mbo, and Eastern Obolo.[16]

Key minor industries are based on agriculture; the state has substantial cocoyam, yam, and plantain crops, along with fishing and heliciculture.

Despite its vast oil revenues, Akwa Ibom ranks as seventeenth among the states List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index#2019 in the Human Development Index. Years of systemic corruption have resulted in such revenues being diverted from improving infrastructure, education and welfare of the people.[13][14][15]

Languages

[edit]

"There are 20 languages spoken as first languages in Akwa Ibom State."[17] However, comparing different sources show there are slightly over 20 languages. They are as follows (in alphabetical order) with the LGAs in which they are spoken:

  • Anaang - Abak, Essien Udim, Ikot Ekpene, Oruk-Anam, and Ukanafun LGAs
  • Ebughu - Mbo and Oron LGAs
  • Efai - Mbo LGA
  • Efik - Itu, Oron, Uruan LGAs
  • Ekit- Eket and Esit Eket LGAs
  • Enwang - Mbo LGA
  • Etebi - Esit Eket LGA
  • Ibibio - Etinan, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Itu, Mkpat Enin, Nsit Atai, Nsit-Ubium, Onna, Uruan and Uyo LGAs.
  • Ibino (Ibọnọ) - Ibeno LGA
  • Ibuoro - Ikono and Itu LGAs
  • Idere - Itu LGA
  • Igbo - Ika LGA
  • Ika - Ika LGA
  • Iko - Eastern Obolo LGA
  • Ilue - Oron LGA
  • Itu Mbon Uso - Ikono and Itu LGAs
  • Iwerre - Ini LGA
  • Nkari - Ini and Ikono LGA
  • Obolo (Andoni) - Eastern Obolo and Ibeno LGAs
  • Okobo - Okobo LGA
  • Oro - Oron LGA
  • Uda - Mbo LGA

One research however claims to "have identified just about 10 languages",[18] claiming that some languages are dialects of others, though the criteria for classification as dialects is not clearly stated.

History

[edit]
Dancers in Akwa Ibom traditional attire

In the pre-colonial period, what is now Akwa Ibom State was divided into various city-states like the Ibom Kingdom and Akwa Akpa before they later became a British protectorate in 1884 as a part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate.[19] Prior to the British colonization, no central government had existed among the people of what is now Akwa Ibom State. The various ethnic peoples were largely organized into clan communities, based on kinship and relations.

Several Scottish missionaries went to Calabar in 1848, and Ibono in 1887. The British government did not attempt to establish more control over the area until 1904. In that year, they organized the Enyong Division, encompassing the area of the current state of Akwa Ibom, with headquarters at Ikot Ekpene, a predominately Annang city. Noted Africanist Kaanan Nair, noted this city as the cultural and political capital of the Annang and Ibibio peoples. The greater Southeast was largely dominated by the majority Igbo people. The creation of Enyong Division encouraged collaboration among the numerous minority ethnic groups in the area. They created the Ibibio Welfare Union, later renamed Ibibio State Union. This social organization was first established as a local development and improvement forum for educated African persons and groups who in 1929 were still excluded from the colonial administration. It was dominated by British colonists and their appointees.[citation needed][20]

In the early 1900s, the British actually gained formal control of the area before incorporating the protectorate (now renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate) into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria; after the merger, much of modern-day Akwa Ibom became a centre of anti-colonial resistance during the Women's War and political activism through the Ibibio State Union.[21]

After independence in 1960, the area of now-Akwa Ibom was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the South-Eastern State. Less than two months afterwards, the Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempted to secede as the state of Biafra; in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War, now-Akwa Ibom was hard-fought over in the prelude to the Invasion of Port Harcourt while people from Akwa Ibom were persecuted by the Biafran forces as they were mainly non-Igbos.[22] At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the South-Eastern State was reformed until 1976 when it was renamed Cross River State.

Eleven years later, Cross River State was divided on 23 September 1987, by the Military Administration of General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida.[23]

This division resulted in the creation of the state of Akwa Ibom, Uyo was chosen as the state capital in order to encourage development in all regions of the state.[24]

Climate

[edit]

Akwa Ibom has a tropical monsoon climate (Classification: Am) and is 42.58 meters (139.7 feet) above sea level. The city's average annual temperature is -0.99% lower than Nigeria's averages at 28.47 °C (83.25 °F). 342.56 millimeters (13.49 inches) of precipitation and 294.37 rainy days (80.65% of the time) are typical annual totals for Akwa Ibom.[25][26]

The Akwa Ibom region regularly has tropical monsoons. All year long, there are high temperatures and a lot of rain. The region of Akwa Ibom has an average yearly temperature of 60 degrees and 672 inches of precipitation. The average humidity is 80% and the UV-index is 7. It is dry for only 52 days of the year.[27]

The climate of Akwa Ibom is tropical with significant rainfall and a short dry season.[28][29][30]

Government

[edit]

Politics in Akwa Ibom State are dominated by the three main ethnic groups: the Ibibio, Annang, and Oro. Of these three, the Ibibio remain the majority and have held sway in the state since its creation.

Ministries, Departments and Agencies

[edit]

The list of ministries in Akwa Ibom State include the following:[31]

Local Government Areas

[edit]
See also: List of villages in Akwa Ibom State

Akwa Ibom State consists of thirty-one (31) local government areas. They include:

Meridien Akwa Ibom park

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnic groups

[edit]

The main ethnic groups of the state include: Ibibio, Anaang, Oro and Obolo.

Religion

[edit]

The people of Akwa Ibom are predominantly Christians.

Pioneer Qua Iboe Church Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State

976,791 Catholics (2020) in the two dioceses of Uyo[1] (1989) with 74 parishes under Bishop John Ebebe Ayah (2014), and Ikot Ekpene (1963) with 53 parishes under Bishop Camillus Raymond Umoh (2010), both suffragans of the Archdiocese of Calabar.

The Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Uyo within the Church of Nigeria is Prince Asukwo Antai (2014).[33]

Languages

[edit]

Like their Efik neighbors of Cross River State, people of Akwa Ibom speak various dialects of the Ibibio-Efik languages, which belong to the Benue–Congo language family, forming part of the Niger–Congo group of languages with close affinity to the Igbos with whom they share some language and cultural similarities due to many centuries of inter-tribal relationships between the Igbos of Arochukwu kingdom even before the advent of the colonial Europeans.

The following table lists languages of Akwa Ibom State, and the local government areas in which they are spoken:[34]

Language LGA(s) spoken in
Anaang Abak, Essien Udim, Ika, Ikot Ekpene, Igbo, Oruk-Anam, Ukanafun, Etim Ekpo, Obot Akara.
Obolo Eastern Obolo
Ekid Eket, Esit Eket
Etebi Esit Eket
Ibibio Etinan, Ibiono Ibom, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Itu, Ibesikpo-Asutan, Mkpat Enin, Nsit Atai, Nsit-Ibom, Nsit-Ubium, Onna, Uruan, Uyo, Ini.
Ibuno Ibeno
Ika Oku Ika
Nkari Ini
Itu Mbon Uso Ini
Idere Itu
Efik Itu, Uruan
Ebughu Mbo, Oron
Efai Mbo
Enwan Mbo
Oro Mbo, Oron, Udung Uko, Urue-Offong-Oruko
Iko Eastern Obolo
Okobo Okobo
Ilue Oron
Khana Oruk-Anam

Education

[edit]

The Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education is tasked with monitoring the education sector of the state.

The current part of Akwa Ibom State that was within the former Calabar Kingdom, was the first site of Western education in Nigeria. The Hope Waddell Training Institute was founded at Calabar in 1895, and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. Other top schools, such as the Catholic seminaries Holy Family College at Abak and Regina Coeli College in Essene, were also soon founded.

Some educational institutes in the state today are:

Transportation

[edit]

Federal highways

  • A342 east from Aba (Abia State) via Uyo to Oron,
  • A4-1 east from A342 at Utu Ikot Ekpenyong to Cross River as the Ekot Ekpene-Calabar Rd.

Other major highways include:

  • the Ikot Akan-Deyor Chara Rd across the Imo River at Kalaoko to Rivers State,
  • the Nto Obo-Obon Ebot Rd west to Abia State at Azumini,
  • the Umuahia Rd north from A342 at Ikot Ekpene to Abia.

Airports:

Victor Attah International Airport (2009) 24 km southeast of Uyo has services to Abuja and Lagos, and Eket Airstrip for domestic flights.

Notable people

[edit]


Politics

[edit]

The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with the state house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Uyo.[70]

Electoral system

[edit]

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.[71]

Notable places.

Four points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene. It's a hotel located at the heart of Ikot Ekpene town. Four Points by Sheraton Ikot Ekpene has an outdoor swimming pool, fitness center, a terrace and restaurant in Ikot Ekpene, with free WiFi access as well.

Akwa Ibom state has one of Nigerians international stadiums situated in Uyo which was named after the former Governor Godswill Akpabio. The stadium has hosted both local and international matches of the Nigeria football team.[72]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Akwa Ibom State History". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b Okeowo, Gabriel; Fatoba, Iyanuoluwa, eds. (13 October 2022). "State of States 2022 Edition" (PDF). Budgit.org. BudgIT. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (5 October 2021). "See how all the 36 Nigerian states got their names". Pulse.ng. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Population 2006-2016". National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  6. ^ Inemesit, Akpan-Nsoh (14 May 2018). "'Akwa Ibom primates on brink of extinction'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  7. ^ Eniang, Edem A.; Akani, Godfrey C.; Amadi, Nioking; Dendi, Daniele; Amori, Giovanni; Luiselli, Luca (15 July 2016). "Recent distribution data and conservation status of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Niger Delta (Nigeria)". Tropical Zoology. 29 (4): 173–183. Bibcode:2016TrZoo..29..173E. doi:10.1080/03946975.2016.1214461. S2CID 89244146. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  8. ^ Baker, Lynne R. (27 April 2012). "Report on a Survey of Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve, June 20 – July 5, 2003". WCS. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  9. ^ Ogar, Dave A.; Asuk, Sijeh A.; Umanah, I.E. (2016). "Forest Cover Change in Stubb's Creek Forest Reserve Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". Applied Tropical Agriculture. 21 (1): 183–189. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
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