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Geauga County, Ohio

Coordinates: 41°30′N 81°10′W / 41.50°N 81.17°W / 41.50; -81.17
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Geauga County
County
Geauga County Courthouse
Geauga County Courthouse
Flag of Geauga County
Flag
Official seal of Geauga County
Seal
Map of Ohio highlighting Geauga County
Location within the U.S. state of Ohio
Map of the United States highlighting Ohio
Ohio's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 41°30′N 81°10′W / 41.5°N 81.17°W / 41.5; -81.17
Country United States
State Ohio
FoundedMarch 1, 1806[1]
Named foran Iroquoian word for "raccoon"
SeatChardon
Largest cityChardon
Area
 • Total
408 sq mi (1,060 km2)
 • Land400 sq mi (1,000 km2)
 • Water8.1 sq mi (21 km2)  2.0%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
95,397
 • Estimate 
(2023)[2]
95,407 Increase
 • Density230/sq mi (90/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district14th
Websitewww.co.geauga.oh.us

Geauga County (/dʒiˈɔːɡə/ jee-AW-gə) is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 95,397.[3] The county seat and largest city is Chardon.[4]

The county is named for an Onondaga or Seneca language word meaning 'raccoon',[5] originally the name of the Grand River. Geauga County is part of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2008, Forbes Magazine ranked Geauga County as the fourth best place in the United States to raise a family.[6] About 20% of the counties area (Geauga, Trumbull, Ashtabula and Portage) population is Amish, as of 2017.[7]

History

[edit]

Geauga County is named after the Onondaga word jyo’ä·gak or Seneca jo’ä·ka, both meaning 'raccoon' (originally the name of the Grand River).

After the discovery of the New World, the land that became Geauga County was originally part of the French colony of Canada (New France), which was ceded in 1763 to Great Britain and renamed Province of Quebec. In the late 18th century the land became part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in the Northwest Territory, and then was purchased by the Connecticut Land Company in 1795.

Geauga County was founded on March 1, 1806, as the second county in the Connecticut Western Reserve, originating from Trumbull County, Ohio. In 1808, the size of Geauga County was reduced by the creation of Ashtabula County, Cuyahoga County, and Lake County.

The present-day boundaries were established in 1840 following the creation of Lake County. A disagreement about the location of the county seat began in 1808 when commissioners from Trumbull County began the process of identifying the seat of justice.[8] Residents in the northern townships wanted the seat in Champion, renamed Painesville, Ohio in 1832.[9] Residents in southern townships desired a centrally located county seat and took advantage of a tract of land donated by Peter Chardon Brooks called Chardon, Ohio. Despite Chardon being selected in 1809, the argument was never really settled. Over the next two decades, population growth in the seven northern townships exceeded the remaining sixteen southern townships, further fueling the disagreement. On January 21, 1840, a petition to create Lake County from seven townships in northern Geauga County and Willoughby Township from Cuyahoga County were presented to the Ohio House of Representatives.[9] Seabury Ford presented petitions against its creation. Lake County was established in March 1840 by the Ohio Legislature. As the newly formed Lake County did not have sufficient territory to meet the requirements for a county, the northern border included submerged land beneath the waters of Lake Erie.

The first settlement in Geauga was at Burton, Ohio in the year 1798, when three families settled there from Connecticut.[10]

Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 408 square miles (1,060 km2), of which 400 square miles (1,000 km2) is land and 8.1 square miles (21 km2) (2.0%) is water.[11]

Geauga County receives the most precipitation of any county in northern Ohio, with most of the county receiving over 42 inches annually in an average year, and some parts exceeding 44 inches.[12]

Drainage system

[edit]

The geography of Geauga County was radically changed by Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciation, which is evident in the deranged drainage system, landscape change, and glacial till. The headwaters of three watercourses in the Lake Erie basin are in Geauga County. These include the Cuyahoga River, Chagrin River, and Grand River. Portions of all three are designated Ohio Scenic Rivers.[13]

Point sources of the east branch of the Cuyahoga River are in Hambden Township, Claridon Township, and Burton Township.[14][15] The point source of the west branch of the Cuyahoga River is near the intersection of Pond and Rapids Roads in Burton Township.[16][17]

The point sources of the east branch of the Chagrin River are at Bass Lake in Munson Township and the southwest corner of the city of Chardon.[18][19] McFarland Creek in Bainbridge Township, sometimes referred to as Chagrin Falls because of the postal zip code, is a tributary of the Aurora branch of the Chagrin River.[20]

Point sources of the Grand River are in Parkman Township, Troy Township, and Swine Creek in Middlefield Township.[21][22]

While the majority of waterways in Geauga County are part of the Lake Erie watershed, the Silver Creek in Troy Township is a tributary to the west branch of the Mahoning River, part of the Ohio River watershed, the largest tributary to the Mississippi River.[23] There is another Silver Creek in Geauga County in Russell Township, which is a tributary to the east branch of the Chagrin River.[24]

Adjacent counties

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18102,917—
18207,791167.1%
183015,813103.0%
184016,2973.1%
185017,8279.4%
186015,817−11.3%
187014,190−10.3%
188014,2510.4%
189013,489−5.3%
190014,7449.3%
191014,670−0.5%
192015,0362.5%
193015,4142.5%
194019,43026.1%
195026,64637.1%
196047,57378.5%
197062,97732.4%
198074,47418.3%
199081,1298.9%
200090,89512.0%
201093,3892.7%
202095,3972.2%
2023 (est.)95,4070.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[25]
1790-1960[26] 1900-1990[27]
1990-2000[28] 2020 [3]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2010,[29] there were 93,389 people, 34,264 households, and 25,654 families residing in the county. The population density was 231.1 inhabitants per square mile (89.2/km2). There were 34,264 occupied housing units at an average density of 84.8 units per square mile (32.7 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.0% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.001% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. 88.1% spoke English, 4.6% German, 1.2% Spanish, and 3.3% spoke other West Germanic languages.[30]

There were 34,264 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.50% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.10% were non-families. 25.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.85 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.72 males.

As of the census[31] of 2000, 0.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 26.8% were of German, 15.3% Irish, 14.3% English, 10.8% Italian 7.5% Polish and 5.2% American ancestry. According to Census 2000, 89.4% spoke English, 5.1% German, 1.5% Pennsylvania Dutch and 1.0% Spanish as their first language.

As of the census[31] of 2000, the median income for a household in the county was $60,200, and the median income for a family was $67,427. Males had a median income of $48,443 versus $30,567 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,944. About 2.80% of families and 4.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.10% of those under age 18 and 5.10% of those age 65 or over. The median household income and per capita income were the second highest among Ohio counties after Delaware, and 74th and 79th in the country, respectively.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 93,389 people, 34,264 households, and 25,654 families residing in the county.[32] The population density was 233.4 inhabitants per square mile (90.1/km2). There were 36,574 housing units at an average density of 91.4 units per square mile (35.3 units/km2).[33] The racial makeup of the county was 96.9% white, 1.3% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.1% of the population.[32] In terms of ancestry, 27.4% were German, 17.1% were Irish, 13.8% were Italian, 13.8% were English, 8.3% were Polish, 5.5% were Hungarian, and 3.6% were American.[34]

Of the 34,264 households, 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 25.1% were non-families, and 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.16. The median age was 43.3 years.[32]

The median income for a household in the county was $89,663 and the median income for a family was $101,780. Males had a median income of $94,863 versus $40,565 for females. The per capita income for the county was $32,735. About 5.0% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.[35]

Amish settlement

[edit]
Main article: Amish in Ohio

There is a large Amish community founded in 1886 in Geauga County. It is the fourth largest of all Amish settlements with 18,650 people in 132 congregations in 2017.[7] In 2017 the Amish accounted for 19.8% of Geauga, Trumbull, Ashtabula and Portage counties area population.

Religion

[edit]

Religion in Geauga County, according to ARDA (2020) [36][failed verification]

  Catholic Church (34%)
  Others Evangelical Churches (19.9%)
  Anabaptist Churches (Amish and Mennonite) (10.3%)
  Mainline Protestant Churches (6.9%)
  Black Protestant Churches (0.5%)
  Others (1.5%)
  None (26.8%)
Religious affiliations in Geauga County, according to ARDA 2010-2020[37][36]
Religion 2010 2020
Number % Number %
Christianity 52,788 56.5 67,801 71.6
— Anabaptist Churches 8,870 9.5 9,803 10.3
— Others Evangelical Churches 4,865 5.2 18,533 19.9
— Catholic Church 30,880 33,1 32,469 34.0
— Mainline Protestant Churches 7,738 8.3 6,564 6.9

-Black Protestant Churches

185 0.2 432 0.5
Other religions 250 0.3 1,417 1.5
None* 40,601 43,5 27,596 28.9
Total population 93,389 95,397
*"Nones" is an unclear category.[38][39] It is a heterogenous group of the not religious and intermittently religious.[40] Researchers argue that most of the "Nones" should be considered "unchurched", rather than objectively nonreligious;[39][41][42][43] especially since most "Nones" do hold some religious-spiritual beliefs and a notable amount participate in behaviors.[39][41][44][45] For example, 72% of American "Nones" believe in God or a Higher Power.[46]

Politics

[edit]

Geauga County is a Republican stronghold, having voted Democratic for president only once since 1856, in Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide, but Franklin D. Roosevelt came within just 220 votes in 1936.

United States presidential election results for Geauga County, Ohio[47]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 33,844 61.32% 20,604 37.33% 741 1.34%
2020 34,143 60.95% 21,201 37.84% 677 1.21%
2016 30,227 59.66% 17,569 34.68% 2,866 5.66%
2012 30,589 59.85% 19,659 38.46% 865 1.69%
2008 29,096 56.78% 21,250 41.47% 899 1.75%
2004 30,370 60.21% 19,850 39.35% 222 0.44%
2000 25,417 59.66% 15,327 35.98% 1,856 4.36%
1996 19,662 50.30% 14,143 36.18% 5,284 13.52%
1992 18,200 44.92% 11,466 28.30% 10,852 26.78%
1988 22,339 64.55% 11,874 34.31% 395 1.14%
1984 22,369 68.29% 9,954 30.39% 431 1.32%
1980 17,762 58.81% 9,542 31.59% 2,900 9.60%
1976 15,004 57.12% 10,449 39.78% 816 3.11%
1972 15,624 66.27% 7,329 31.09% 624 2.65%
1968 11,857 51.76% 7,825 34.16% 3,226 14.08%
1964 9,423 43.55% 12,212 56.45% 0 0.00%
1960 12,491 59.44% 8,522 40.56% 0 0.00%
1956 10,971 69.49% 4,818 30.51% 0 0.00%
1952 8,975 68.09% 4,207 31.91% 0 0.00%
1948 5,535 64.20% 2,960 34.33% 127 1.47%
1944 5,295 61.86% 3,264 38.14% 0 0.00%
1940 5,371 61.81% 3,318 38.19% 0 0.00%
1936 3,620 49.49% 3,400 46.49% 294 4.02%
1932 3,836 59.44% 2,396 37.12% 222 3.44%
1928 4,161 77.37% 1,180 21.94% 37 0.69%
1924 3,375 72.39% 635 13.62% 652 13.99%
1920 3,722 76.69% 1,081 22.27% 50 1.03%
1916 1,806 56.12% 1,345 41.80% 67 2.08%
1912 579 18.22% 873 27.47% 1,726 54.31%
1908 2,596 71.20% 982 26.93% 68 1.87%
1904 2,762 81.24% 544 16.00% 94 2.76%
1900 2,816 69.77% 1,117 27.68% 103 2.55%
1896 2,807 68.20% 1,260 30.61% 49 1.19%
1892 2,267 68.80% 758 23.00% 270 8.19%
1888 2,712 71.80% 843 22.32% 222 5.88%
1884 2,960 74.60% 824 20.77% 184 4.64%
1880 3,053 77.72% 815 20.75% 60 1.53%
1876 3,004 78.62% 808 21.15% 9 0.24%
1872 2,711 81.66% 600 18.07% 9 0.27%
1868 2,892 81.88% 640 18.12% 0 0.00%
1864 2,974 85.73% 495 14.27% 0 0.00%
1860 2,877 79.70% 677 18.75% 56 1.55%
1856 2,694 80.97% 575 17.28% 58 1.74%

County officials

[edit]
County officials[48]
Party Name Position
  R Ralph Spidalieri Commissioner
  R Tim Lennon Commissioner
  R James Dvorak Commissioner
  R Charles Walder Auditor
  R Sheila Bevington Clerk of Courts
  R Dr. John Urbancic Coroner
  R Joseph Cattell Engineer
  R James Flaiz Prosecuting Attorney
  R Celesta Mullins Recorder
  R Scott A. Hildenbrand Sheriff
  R Christopher P. Hitchcock Treasurer

Transportation

[edit]

U.S. highways

[edit]

State highways

[edit]

An official Geauga County Road Map

Public transportation

[edit]

The mostly rural nature of Geauga County limits the feasibility of a fixed-route transit system. Instead, Geauga County Transit offers a demand-responsive door-to-door transit system within the county with some out-of-county service. As of 2015, one-way fares for door-to-door service were $6.00, with 50% discounts for the elderly, disabled, or children 6 years to 17 years old. Children 5-years and younger are free. Out-of-county fares are two times the posted in-county fares. Service is provided 6:00 AM to 9:00 PM Monday through Friday. Reservations are suggested with at least three days notice, but can be made up to one week in advance.[49]

Airports

[edit]
Main article: Geauga County Airport

Geauga County is home to one public airport in Middlefield, Ohio.[50] The Geauga County Airport call sign is 7G8. It is home to Experimental Aircraft Association Chapter 5.[51]

The Geauga County Airport sits on 41 acres purchased by the Middlefield Chamber of Commerce and donated to Geauga County. Ground was broken August 31, 1967, and it was officially opened September 29, 1968. The airport has one 3500' long by 65' wide runway. Runway numbers are 11 on the west end and 29 on the east end. There are two T-hangars, one private hangar, two community hangars, a pilot lounge and restroom facility.[50][52]

Education

[edit]

Public school districts

[edit]

Geauga County is home to six public school districts as illustrated in this list of school districts in Ohio.

The Geauga County Educational Service Center provides collaborative programs and services for the seven local school districts in Geauga County, leveraging resources to reduce overall costs to each district. The ESC has formed a P-16 bridge initiative whose mission is to create workforce readiness in our youth and adults through substantive partnerships between educators, businesses, community organizations, parents focusing on important transitions experienced at each level. Geauga County P-16 will develop a sustainable process and program to insure its continued success.[53]

District Location Communities served
Berkshire Local School District Burton, Ohio Burton Township, Burton Village, most of Claridon Township, Troy Township, Welshfield, Montville and Thompson Townships
Cardinal Local School District Middlefield, Ohio Huntsburg Township, Middlefield Township, Middlefield Village, Parkman Township, small part of Mespotamia (Trumbull County)
Chardon Local School District Chardon, Ohio Chardon City, Chardon Township, part of Claridon Township, Hambden Township, most of Munson Township, very small part of Concord Township (Lake County)
Kenston Local School District Bainbridge Township, Ohio Auburn Township, most of Bainbridge Township
West Geauga County Local School District Chester Township, Ohio Chester Township, Chesterland, Newbury Township, a small part of Hunting Valley, a part of Munson Township, and an unincorporated part of Russell Township
Map of public school districts in Geauga County with township boundaries superimposed. Newbury Local School District has since been merged into West Geauga Schools.

In addition, there are five neighboring public school districts that serve portions of Geauga County residents.

District Location Communities served in Geauga County
Chagrin Falls Exempted Village School District Chagrin Falls, Ohio and South Russell, Ohio South Russell Village; small parts of Bainbridge and Russell Townships
Kirtland Local School District Kirtland, Ohio small part of Chardon Township
Madison Local School District Madison, Ohio small part of Thompson Township
Mentor Exempted Village School District Mentor, Ohio small part of Chardon Township
Riverside Local School District Painesville, Ohio small part of Chardon Township

Joint Vocational School District

[edit]

Taxpayers in six of the seven school districts in Geauga County support a Joint Vocational School District (JVSD) at the Auburn Career Center in Concord Township, Ohio. The career center offers a variety of programs in health, education, and hands-on technology.

Private and parochial schools

[edit]

Geauga County is home to eight private, parochial, and/or specialized schools.

District Location Communities served
Agape Christian Academy Burton Township, Ohio and Troy Township, Ohio Accepts applications prior to the start of each school year
Hawken School Gates Mills, Ohio College preparatory day school: online application, site visit and testing
Hershey Montessori School Huntsburg Township, Ohio Co-ed school and boarding community serving students in 7th-12th grade. Chartered by Ohio Department of Education. New applications accepted year round.
Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin Munson Township, Ohio Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland: open to 8th grade students who have attended a Catholic elementary school and others who have not
Solon/Bainbridge Montessori School of Languages Bainbridge Township, Ohio nonsectarian Montessori School: quarterly enrollment periods
Saint Anselm School Chester Township, Ohio Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland K - 8th grade; preschool
Saint Helen's School Newbury, Ohio Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland K - 8th grade; parishioners and non-parishioners
Saint Mary's School Chardon, Ohio Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland preschool - 8th grade; parishioners and non-parishioners
Laurel School Butler Campus Russell Township, Ohio Private K-12 Girls Only School, College Preparatory

Higher education

[edit]

Geauga County has one institution of higher learning:

Government

[edit]
See also: Ohio county government

Congressional representation

[edit]

U.S. representation

[edit]

Ohio's 14th Congressional District

U.S. Senate

State representation

[edit]

76th Ohio House District 99th Ohio House District

18th Ohio Senate District 32nd Ohio Senate District

Judiciary

[edit]

U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals

Ohio 11th District Courts of Appeals

Communities

[edit]
Map of Geauga County, Ohio with Municipal and Township Labels

City

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Townships

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Athletes

[edit]

Musical artists and groups

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ohio County Profiles: Geauga County" (PDF). Ohio Department of Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  2. ^ "QuickFacts: Geauga County, Ohio". Census.gov. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". U.S. Census Bureau. 2020.
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. ^ Pioneer and General History of Geauga County: With Sketches of Some of the Pioneers and Prominent Men. Historical Society of Geauga County. 1880. p. 24.
  6. ^ O'Malley Greenburg, Zack (June 30, 2008). "America's Best Places To Raise A Family". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "The 12 Largest Amish Communities (2017)". Amish America. 2017.
  8. ^ Stith, B.A. (1989). Lake County, Ohio: 150 Years of Tradition. Northridge, CA: Windsor Publications.
  9. ^ a b Stith, B.A. "A Vision Divided" (PDF). Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  10. ^ Howe, Henry (1852). Historical Collections of Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio: Bradley & Anthony. pp. 187–190.
  11. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  12. ^ ""Average Annual Precipitation: Ohio", Map, Published by Western Regional Climate Center, Data from 1961-1990". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  13. ^ "Scenic Rivers". Ohio Scenic Rivers Program. Ohio Dept of Natural Resources (ODNR). Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  14. ^ "Cuyahoga River". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  15. ^ "East Branch Cuyahoga River (ID:1039937)". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  16. ^ "Upper Cuyahoga State Scenic River". Ohio State Scenic Rivers. ODNR. Archived from the original on June 27, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  17. ^ "Cuyahoga River (ID:1072205)". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  18. ^ "Chagrin River". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  19. ^ "East Branch Chagrin River (ID:1039937)". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  20. ^ "Aurora Branch Chagrin River (ID:1066554)". Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
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  22. ^ "Grand River (ID:1066727)". Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
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  28. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  29. ^ "American Factfinder". Geauga County, Ohio. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  30. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  31. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
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  36. ^ a b "Geauga County, Ohio - County Membership Report (2020)". The Association of Religion Data Archives.
  37. ^ "Geauga County, Ohio - County Membership Report (2010)". The Association of Religion Data Archives.
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  40. ^ Blankholm, Joseph (2022). The Secular Paradox : On the Religiosity of the Not Religious. New York: New York University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9781479809509.
  41. ^ a b Johnson, Todd; Zurlo, Gina (2016). "Unaffiliated, Yet Religious: A Methodological and Demographic Analysis". In Cipriani, Roberto; Garelli, Franco (eds.). Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Volume 7: Sociology of Atheism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 58–60. ISBN 9789004317536.
  42. ^ Hout, Michael; Fischer, Claude S. (October 13, 2014). "Explaining Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Political Backlash and Generational Succession, 1987-2012". Sociological Science. 1: 423–447. doi:10.15195/v1.a24.
  43. ^ Hout, Michael (November 2017). "American Religion, All or Nothing at All". Contexts. 16 (4): 78–80. doi:10.1177/1536504217742401. S2CID 67327797.
  44. ^ Drescher, Elizabeth (2016). Choosing our Religion: The Spiritual Lives of America's Nones. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–26. ISBN 9780199341221.
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  47. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  48. ^ "County Officials". Geauga County, Ohio Official Website. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  49. ^ "Geauga County Transit - Home Page". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  50. ^ a b "Airport Authority". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  51. ^ "Homepage". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  52. ^ "AirNav: 7G8 - Geauga County Airport". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  53. ^ "P-16 Bridge". Geauga ESC. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  54. ^ "Kent State Geauga - Kent State University". Retrieved February 5, 2017.
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41°30′N 81°10′W / 41.50°N 81.17°W / 41.50; -81.17

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